Magnesium and Cancer

Magnesium and Cancer

Nascent Iodine

Iodine is utilized by every hormone receptor in the body.
The absence of iodine causes a hormonal dysfunction that
can be seen with practically every hormone inside the body.

Nascent Iodine is a scientific term for iodine where the iodine molecule has the diatomic bond broken and has a high amount of electromagnetic energy associated with it. During the 2 to 3 hour of activation time (within the human body, once diluted in water and consumed) the nascent iodine atom has the ability to be of assistance to the body. This form of iodine is produced by subjection of a 1 % tincture of iodine to a high electro magnetic field for a given time in order to produce the nascent iodine state. This atomic state and electromagnetic charge is held by the atom until diluted in water and consumed. Once diluted and inside the body this atom is readily absorbed and utilized by the body. This charged atom of iodine starts a process where it gradually loses its energy over 2 to 3 hours. During this time the body recognizes this atom as the same nascent iodine it produces in the thyroid in order to make the T3 and T4 hormones.

The atomic iodine is perhaps the least toxic and
least irritating of all the iodine formulas available.

The quality that separates nascent iodine from all other iodine products is that the diatomic bond is broken with each atom keeping one of the two electrons that had made up the covalent bond. This is known as homolytic cleavage and causes the iodine atom to be subject to magnetic charging. The iodine being in the atomic state was the reason it was called Atomidine, for Atomic Iodine (1926 to 1935). This atomic state and large electromagnetic charge is held by the atom until diluted in water where it then rapidly looses its charge.

Nascent Iodine is a complete atom
no extra electrons none missing.

It was the famous psychic Edgar Cayce, who suggested iodine for all sorts of thyroid problems, who advised that it would be necessary to electrically charge the iodine to change it into its "atomic" form. This charging converts the iodine into a form that the body can most fully recognize and assimilate. (Iodine trichlorite claims to be atomic iodine, but it’s not.) A true atomic iodine is the best kind to bring the thyroid to its optimal function because it supports and saturates the thyroid without any toxic buildup.

Iodine is a well known topical germicidal agent effective against a wide spectrum of organisms including bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Iodine is normally available as solutions, alcoholic tinctures and iodophors. Iodophors were developed because iodine tinctures caused skin irritation, severe hypersensitivity reactions and systemic absorption of iodine. Iodophors are compounds of iodine linked to carriers for iodine and only a small amount of iodine is released minimizing toxicity, which is not really a problem at all when iodine is administered in its pure atomic form.

Iodine has bactericidal activity, e.g. a 1% tincture
will kill 90% of bacteria in 90 seconds, a 5% tincture
in 60 seconds and a 7% tincture in 15 seconds.

Gershenfeld, 1968

Iodide uptake by the thyroid is an active process.[i] So much of the information on iodine insists that iodine should be taken in its two major forms, iodide and iodine. An iodide ion is an iodine atom with a -1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state -1 are called iodides. Dr. David Brownstein wrote that “it is very difficult to get iodine into a solution that uses water as a solvent. Therefore as Dr. Lugol discovered, using the reduced form of iodine (iodide) increases the solubility of iodine.” Atomic or Nascent Iodine is not dissolved in water but in alcohol.

I have used various iodide preparations
for years with mixed success.
Dr. David Brownstein

Iodized salt and the iodine supplements usually found in health food stores contain the iodide form of iodine but Dr. Brownstein, one of the world’s iodine experts has had little success treating patients with only iodide. The supplement Iodoral contains both the iodide (reduced) and iodine (oxidized) forms of iodine. The US RDA for iodine is 150 mcg. Iodoral contains 100 times (12.5 mgs) the RDAs requirement of iodine/iodide. One drop of Nascent iodine = RDA of 0.2 mg. If using for additional energy and general improved health take up to 5 drops daily. That would mean only one milligram.

We do in fact find that when taking a nascent form of iodine, therapeutic doses are much lower. If recommended by your healthcare professional for assistance with a chronic health concern take 5 drops three or four times a day or as instructed by your healthcare professional. Thirty drops per day is the equivalent of 6 mg. of iodine or 1 drop of Lugol's iodine. Frequent small doses are more effective than larger amounts at less frequent intervals. Always take on an empty stomach. Most will find that it is important to build up gradually in order to experience the least amount of detoxification reaction. (See chapter Iodine and Chelation) It is best when using strong chelators, which iodine is, to moderate the amount of detoxification symptoms or what is called the Herxemeirs reaction, which is the experience of poisons being dumped into the blood stream from the cells or from large scale yeast die offs. This is most readily controlled with iodine in the atomic form simply because it is so easy to control and regulate the dose.

Iodine is an easily oxidisable substance. Food that is present in the digestive tract will oxidize iodine to iodide which is not corrosive to the gastrointestinal tract. Oral iodine appears to be inactivated by combination with gastrointestinal contents. Absorption is poor due to rapid conversion of iodine to iodide[ii] and this might explain why one needs to take very high doses of Iodoral or Lugols compared to nascent iodine, which seems to bypass the digestive track altogether meaning its absorption starts right in the mouth and continues through direct penetration of the stomach tissues. The nascent appears to go into direct use by the body directly as soon as it is exposed to soft tissues. This is no stretch of the imagination since we know that iodide is completely and rapidly absorbed throughout all areas of the GI tract. Dr. Brownstein says that the downside of Lugol’s solution is the taste and the dosing of it. Lugol’s has a distinct metallic taste that many people find offensive. The atomic iodine on the other hand is like sipping on a heavenly gift, you can sense in a millisecond its positive nature.

Iodide has to be converted back to the nascent form in order to produce T3 and T4. Would the body not recognize nascent iodine as what is needed in the thyroid and take it there to avoid the steps of active transport to produce nascent iodine when it already has it available? This could explain why some people report that they feel the atomic form of iodine in their thyroid within 10 minutes. Is there really time for the iodine to get into the intestines and be converted into an iodide to be shipped to the thyroid?

Sunkar A. Bisey a Hindu scientist was suffering from malaria in the early nineteen-hundreds and quinine didn't do him any good. His life was despaired of, and a Hindu doctor, hoping to save the life of India 's greatest inventor, sent on a few doses of a Burmese preparation, made from seaweed, that had proved useful in treating chronic malaria there. Bisey tried it. The effect was electrical. He began to improve at once and in a month was a well man. He set out to research the contents of the seaweed and ended up producing the compound now known as Beslin or atomic iodine. Atomic iodine is iodine molecules broken down to individual atoms, which is the exact form that the body needs to make thyroid hormones. If iodine is not in the atomic form the molecules of iodine first need to be broken down and that of course takes energy.

Malaria was treated with 20 drops of nascent iodine in a half glass of water given 4 or 5 times during the first day and then going to 10 drops of nascent iodine 4 times a day for 3 more days. A slide study of the blood shows that the malaria is gone from the body. It is interesting to note that Salem Banajeh, Associate Professor-Child Health at Sana'a University-Sana'a-Yemen found that case fatality for malaria is 4 times higher in highlands compared with endemic areas.[iii] Iodine deficiency would explain this, which would explain why iodine is an effective treatment for malaria.

Dr. A. Regnault, while recognizing the great value of quinine in the treatment of malaria, said in 1901 that it was becoming a matter of general recognition that the quinine-series of drugs is of service only during certain developmental periods of the disease. It is held that the toxins are developed with great rapidity just at the time of the division of the parasites. In order to eliminate these toxins, Dr. Regnault suggested the use of iodine and potassium iodide, iodine being a body which has a special affinity for bodies of the alkaloid class, and presumably for the supposed analogies of these toxins. The results obtained were reported as being very striking in that not only were the attacks aborted, but the action on the fever itself was striking and immediate with chills, vomiting and malaise disappearing rapidly. The remedies were employed in the following strength: Tincture of Iodine and potassium iodide, of each, 1; distilled water, 25.[iv]

“Iodine has many positive therapeutic actions. It is a potent anti-infective agent. No virus, bacteria or parasite has been shown to be resistant to iodine therapy,” writes Dr. Brownstein. This is an incredible statement but one that can easily be backed by hardcore medical science. It is the reason hospitals use iodine by the gallon and in reality the only reason hospitals are not like ground zero sites contaminated in an infectious sense is because of iodine's broad spectrum anti-infective power.

Few are the doctors who have realized that iodine can be taken internally in large quantities and that it will have the same effect internally as it does on external surfaces. When we look at the fact that the entire focus of vaccines is anti-viral, that bacterial infections are becoming more threatening and more antibiotic resistant, that cancer is always accompanied by and or is a fungal yeast infection, we might begin to realize how iodine can again become a doctor’s best friend. Oncologist Dr. Tullio Simoncini in Rome already uses it for skin and breast cancer but even he has overlooked its potential for internal application for the same action against cancer yeasts and fungi. The secret to successful application in high enough quantities is provided by Nascent Iodine.

Nascent Iodine is more potent in its action because of its
formulation, and because the toxicity has been removed.

When the thyroid becomes fully saturated from continued ingestion of detoxified iodine, whatever it doesn’t need is eagerly grabbed by other tissues of the body independent of the form meaning iodide is not necessary. After the atomic iodine has made its rounds, whatever then remains and is unable to be used is excreted in the urine. The urine will turn bright yellow from the excess, similar to what happens with water-soluble B-vitamins that the body doesn’t need. And, any excess can help the kidneys if there's an infection at the site.

Note: even nascent iodine is safe to use, too much taken too late in the day can be stimulating enough to keep you awake. As with any other supplement, use discretion.

There is a difference between Nascent Iodine and Detoxified Iodine, which itself is a high quality form of iodine. Detoxified Iodine is produced at 10 amps of resistance for five minutes. Nascent Iodine is more difficult to produce. The time required to get iodine into the nascent state is 15 to 20 minutes at 30 amps with a very limited quantity of iodine. The result is that heat is generated and that must be dissipated in order to have the process continue. Historians who have speculated as to why this process was never used in the 1930's by Sunkar A. Bisey to improve his product was that it is just to time consuming and costly to make the nascent iodine through this method. For those who notice the results of nascent iodine it may seem costly to make but well worth it for the results. (I have had several people who have used different iodine products of these types conclusively claim they can feel the difference immediately when taking a true Nascent iodine.)

To quote the 1930's document by Schieffelin and Company:

"The lethal dose of Atomidine (1926 to 1935) in animals is very large, which accounts for the absence of untoward effects in clinical use. Due probably to its rapid absorption and its ready combination with organic compounds in the body, iodism very rarely occurs even in sensitive persons."

If the body does recognize both these qualities, it can then use this charged atom in the thyroid or elsewhere in the body as needed.

The body utilizes more or less nascent iodine depending on the task being addressed. To boost the body systems may require very small amounts, a few drops once a day. The average dose is 5 to 10 drops in one-half glassful of cold water, repeated every two or three hours. Frequent small doses are more effective than larger amounts at less frequent intervals. When an intensive effect is desired 20 or more drops may be administered over the critical period and repeated as required.

Testimonials:

It's 4:30 Thursday, 7-5-07, and I took four drops of Magnascent in water about a half hour ago. As I sit here I can actually FEEL my thyroid gland doing *something* for the third time in about a week, each time after taking at least 4 drops in water on an empty stomach. It feels almost like it is moving in my throat. Well I suppose if it is making hormones and injecting them into my body, a certain amount of movement is to be expected.

For years I have been fighting degenerative arthritis. I have had many successes already with many substances and methods. One thing that has eluded me is a regular, everyday good feeling, and regualr everyday flexibility. I have had many good days in the past few years but always they faltered and I was always searching for some way to keep it up. Now I think I have found it. For about 4 weeks now, starting with taking Detoxified Iodine, but then moving on to Magnascent, I have kept up a level of energy and flexibility that I mostly have not had since I was
about 38 or so (I'm 53).

I get up in the morning and within a short time I'm running through the house ready to get work done, then I'm running through my business shop and yard. At the end of every day I am solidly physically tired, but just get up and go at it all the same way again every day.

The flexibility is just unbelievable. I find myself jumping in and out of trucks and crawling under equipment and working on things while squatting or kneeling with nearly no discomfort. Squatting and kneeling were very uncomfortable for me only a few weeks ago. I used to wince at the thought of having to squat or kneel.

All of this has happened to me on only about 10-12 drops of Magnascent per day. I'm drinking about 8- 10 a day and putting about 2-4 drops a day on a couple of Heberden's Nodes on my hands. Since the endocrine system is all stimulated by iodine and the thyroid, my testosterone is up too. I don't need a test to tell that.

Bob Ansley

A case of Richard D. Norton Jr. with oral cancer had four operations found yet another tumor growing that he could see with a flash light and mirror. He used the nascent iodine for one week three times a day holding it in his mouth a few minutes and then swallowing. In a week he called to ask if the iodine colors skin. I said it was only temporary and then goes back to normal color. He said that he had lost where the cancer was. He couldn't find it. The next week Dr. Anderson his physician confirmed it was gone but they found another in a different location which he is treating it now.

The toxicity of modern life is impacting iodine levels. It is well known that the toxic halides, fluoride and bromide, having structure similar to iodine, can competitively inhibit iodine absorption and binding in the body. Americans, who are more exposed to fluoride than other populations have a desperate need for more iodine and taking iodine in its nascent form would be the best way of increasing iodine levels in the safest and most effective way possible.

In treating over 4,000 patients, Dr. Brownstein has found only three patients with “allergy” to non-radioactive inorganic iodine/ iodide. The nascent form is even less provoking meaning the chances of side effects besides a normal detoxification and chelation response would be near zero. The use of nascent iodine is simple, safe and has proven itself effective through more than a century of medical use. One should turn a deaf ear to all those cynics who would recommend pharmaceutical poisons in its place. They are not unlike the child molester using sweet words to draw an innocent into a deadly web of pain and deceit.

From its position at the base of the brain, the pituitary gland monitors the levels of hormones in the blood. If a low level of thyroid hormones is detected, the pituitary gland sends out its own hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to step up production of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland can't do this since it's missing one essential ingredient - iodine - but the pituitary gland does not know this. It keeps secreting TSH which after a time will cause the tissue of the thyroid gland to change and the entire gland will enlarge.

Iodine levels have fallen 50% over the last 30 years in the United States . We have also seen at the same time a dramatic drop off of magnesium cellular levels and the same can be said for other minerals like zinc and selenium. During this same time, there have been dramatic increases in illnesses of the breast (including breast cancer), prostate, thyroid and the immune system (i.e., autoimmune disorders). All of these conditions can be caused (in part or wholly) from iodine deficiency as well as magnesium, selenium and zinc deficiencies. Mineral levels should be evaluated in all suffering from illness and those trying to achieve their optimal health. In reality we do not need to expand fortunes in sophisticated testing because unless one is eating a perfect organic whole food diet the chances of being ill and not being mineral deficient is about zero.

Special Note: There is a great deal of confusion by these terms: detoxified iodine, atomic iodine, nascent iodine. Edgar Cayce actually gave out instructions for two different types of iodine, one which is fairly easy to make, or what is called the detoxified form, and the full atomic form or what we are calling Nascent Iodine, which in the opinion of the IMVA, is clearly more potent. Several people who have used one form literally feel the difference at the moment of injection. The only company[v] we are trusting to provide a true Nascent Iodine happens to also be the only company that has applied for a license to supply both the one percent solution, which has been the type of iodine discussed in this chapter, and also a seven percent solution of Nascent Iodine, which now has to be licensed through the drug enforcement (DEA) agency of the government. This type is not for oral use but is perfect for transdermal application, which will be reviewed in another chapter on Transdermal Iodine. This is important to note and have in ones medicine cabinet or dispensary because it is the solution to many diseases of the skin including skin cancer and is a vital part of any protocol for breast cancer as well.

Second Special Note: There has been a lot of commotion in health circles about a product called Miracle Mineral Supplement (MMS). It is being advertised as the answer to AIDS, hepatitis A, B and C, malaria, herpes, TB, most cancer and many more of mankind's worst diseases. The claim about how the chlorine (a poison, not what would be considered a mineral for health)[vi] interacts with pathogens is the same claim we can make about iodine (a safe nutritional mineral), which is known to also kill pathogens of all types on contact. I do not mean to make a qualified medical opinion on MMS, which is chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is formed from the chemical combination of sodium chlorite and the acetic acid (vinegar) or citric acid. Chlorine dioxide is dangerous to handle and use. A search for material safety data sheets sustains the risk of using this substance.

Chlorine dioxide: May decompose explosively on shock, friction or concussion, or on heating rapidly. Strong oxidant - reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials, and with mercury, ammonia, sulphur and many organic compounds.[vii]

A strong irritant of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; [HSDB] A strong oxidizer that promotes combustion; Concentrated solutions may be corrosive to the skin and eyes; Mild hemolytic anemia and increased methemoglobin in males is observed in animal feeding studies; [CHEMINFO][viii]

Acute Health Effects:[ix]

Ingestion: Not a normal route of exposure. Harmful if swallowed. Can cause irritation to mouth,

esophagus, stomach, and mucous membranes.

Eye Contact: Contact causes redness, irritation, pain, blurred vision, tearing, corneal injury and burns.

Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. Coughing, headaches, labored breathing, nausea, shortness of breath,

pulmonary edema.

Chronic Health Effects:

May have effects on lungs, resulting in chronic bronchitis and permanent lung damage (with chronic exposure).

The use of dangerous poisons is common in allopathic medicine. Even when pharmaceutical companies jump through hoops costing many millions of dollars to test such poisons (most pharmaceuticals are mitochondria poisons) it does not remove the dangers of the poisons, which create all kinds of complications and side effects. The natural allopathic medicine of Survival Medicine only uses such poisons as a last resort.

It almost never makes sense medically to ignore the basics, the air we breathe, the water we drink and the sun. Minerals like magnesium and iodine are up there with the prime basics of life and the use of poisons like chlorine dioxide should not be considered for use unless the basics do not supply the necessary resolution. In the special case of the supposedly magical mineral substance we have something vastly safer, more natural and proven through over a century of medical use. We have iodine, which has the same anti pathogenic profile as that claimed for the chlorine compound.

It is hard to believe that chlorine would
be selective in what it damages or kills.

A later meta-analysis found chlorinated water is associated each year in America with about 4,200 cases of bladder cancer and 6,500 cases of rectal cancer. Chlorine is estimated to account for nine percent of bladder cancer cases and 18 percent of rectal cancers. Those cancers develop because the bladder and rectum store waste products for periods of time. (Keeping the bowels moving regularly lowers such risk.) Chlorinated water is associated with higher total risk of all cancers.[x]

Lastly, the marketing materials and promotion of this chlorine compound are not anchored in medical science or reason. It is very hard to verify claims or trust those who whip up medical hysteria because we never know when testimonials are just projections of the hysteria. The placebo effect is alive and well and its waters fertilized when unsubstantiated claims are made. It makes sense sometime in medicine to take risks but not before medical basics is employed first. Why promote the use of something that has inherent dangers when we have something proven and safe.

Mark Sircus Ac., OMD
Director International Medical Veritas Association
http://www.imva.info
http://www.magnesiumforlife.com
Sanctuary Cancer Clinic

[i] Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 273: E1121-E1126, 1997;

Vol. 273, Issue 6, E1121-E1126, December 1997

[ii] Reynolds, 1989; Gosselin et al., 1984, Gilman et al., 1990.

[iii] Abdullah Al-Taiar, Shabbar Jaffar, Ali Assabri, Molham Al-Habori, Ahmed Azazy, Nagiba Al-Mahdi, Khaled Ameen, Brian M Greenwood, and Christopher J M Whitty Severe malaria in children in Yemen: two site observational study BMJ 2006; 333: 827

[iv] Revue de Medicine, 1901, vol xxi., p. 804.

[v] John Brookshire
1316 Shirley way,
Bedford Texas 76022
Phone 817-868-1400
john@magnascent.com
johnb124c@yahoo.com
http://www.magnascent.com/

[vi] Chlorine in swimming pools reacts with organic matter such as sweat, urine, blood, feces, and mucus and skin cells to form more chloramines. Chloroform risk can be 70 to 240 times higher in the air over indoor pools than over outdoor pools.22 Canadian researchers found that after an hour of swimming in a chlorinated pool, chloroform concentrations in the swimmers’ blood ranged from 100 to 1,093 ppb.23 If the pool smells very much of chlorine, don’t go near it.

[vii] http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CH/chlorine_dioxide.html

[viii] http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/hazmap_generic?tbl=TblAgents&id=1559

[ix] http://www.haloxtech.com/pdf/MSDS-Chlorinedioxide(ClO2)-540ppm.pdf

[x] http://www.orthomolecular.org/library/jom/2000/articles/2000-v15n02-p089.shtml

Dear IMVA,

Today’s chapter is on item number four in my cancer protocol, selenium. Yes we do have to prioritize things in medicine as we do in life. It escapes people that what we make important in life shapes our life, and it is no different in medicine. After the sun, air and water, magnesium chloride is the number one item in my protocol, iodine is number two, Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) number three, selenium is four and after that it’s the sodium bicarbonate.

Bicarbonate is effective in dissolving cancer tumors if it can be applied in a way that gets it close or right up to the tumor. Using sodium bicarbonate is like using a fire extinguisher; it can be sprayed on cancer tumors, which will quickly dissolve if hit right in the face with the bicarbonate. It is number five only because it does not treat the underlying cause or prevent cancer from returning but it does give a great respite to the immune system, which is given enormous help with the elimination of hostile cancer colonies.

We tend to forget the most important items in medicine which are the air we breathe, the water we drink and the sun, which everyone is warning us to stay out of. With the governments in the western hemisphere officially attached to poisoning public water supplies with fluoride, and with air pollution seriously getting out of hand in the northern half of our planet, we are in trouble with our health and doctors are stuck fighting a losing battle against chronic diseases stemming from the massive poisoning of humanity. We do not need to feel compassion for main stream orthodox doctors and dentists though for they have themselves supported the massive use of poisons like mercury.

This chapter from Survival Medicine looms up in importance for the very specific reason that our world is choking on a rising tide of mercury pollution made much worse because of the insane use of mercury in dentistry and medicine. The Rising Tide of Mercury section explains these issues across three hundred and fifty pages of words, words that speak of an invisibly occurring doom happening on the parts per million level. When we take things down to the parts per million and trillion level we witness incredible hurricanes of toxicity and this is what doctors who care about people can no longer ignore.

Mark Sircus Ac., OMD
Director International Medical Veritas Association
http://www.imva.info
http://www.magnesiumforlife.com
Sanctuary Cancer Clinic

PS. Survival Medicine is being uploaded into the e-book format and hopefully the process will be finished by Sunday making it available next Monday if all goes right. Until then it is still available at the pre-publication price of 125 dollars. Approximate length is 2,200 pages. For more information contact luciana@imva.info or go directly to: http://www.imva.info/books.shtml and order.

Selenium, Cancer and Mercury

Selenium, is a reddish-brown solid Metalloid, somewhat
translucent, and of dull metallic glance, insoluble in water,
and alcohol. It exists crystalline, and vitreous; at water's boiling
heat it melts and boils, evolving odour like stale horse-radish.

J. Carrington Sellars, Chemistianity, 1873

Selenium is a potent immune stimulator – the most potent immune stimulator of all some think. Selenium is an essential component of thyroid metabolism and antioxidant defense, as well as immune function. It may improve activation and proliferation of B- lymphocytes and enhance T-cell function.[i] Selenium is essential for our immune system to function at optimal performance. Thus we should not be surprised to find out those cancer patients with low selenium levels tend to have a wider spread of the disease, more recurrences and die sooner. [ii]

Blood selenium levels often indicate the presence
of cancer and even the severity of cancer in a patient.

Selenium influences both the innate, "nonadaptive" and the acquired, "adaptive" immune systems[iii]-[iv]-[v]-[vi]-[vii] The innate immune system includes barriers to infection and nonspecific effector cells such as macrophages. Both the T and B lymphocytes form the major effector cells of the acquired system that mature with exposure to immune challenges. Selenium-deficient lymphocytes are less able to proliferate in response to mitogen, and in macrophages, leukotriene B4 synthesis, which is essential for neutrophil chemotaxis, is impaired by this deficiency. These processes can be improved by selenium supplementation. The humoral system is also affected by selenium deficiency; for example, IgM, IgG and IgA titers are decreased in rats, and IgG and IgM titers are decreased in humans. In endothelial cells from asthmatics, there is a marked selenium deficiency that results in an increase in expression of adhesion molecules, which causes greater adhesion of neutrophils.[viii]

Selenium is also involved in several key metabolic activities through its selenoprotein enzymes that protect against oxidative damage.[ix] Further, selenium deficiency may allow invading viruses to mutate and cause longer-lasting, more severe illness.[x] Animal research has shown selenium and vitamin E have synergistic effects, enhancing the body’s response to bacterial[xi] and parasitic infections.[xii]

Proving the point that selenium is a potent immune stimulator is a 18-month study of 262 patients with AIDS found those who took a daily capsule containing 200 micrograms of selenium ended up with lower levels of the AIDS virus and more health-giving CD4 immune system cells in their bloodstreams than those taking a dummy pill. These AIDS patients who took selenium were able to suppress the deadly virus in their bodies and boost their fragile immune systems, adding to evidence that selenium has healing powers we need to pay attention to in treating cancer patients.[xiii] Those with severely compromised immune systems due to AIDS had dramatically better immune system response with selenium supplementation and this finding is consistent with the information presented by the NIH on their selenium web site.

Selenium is an important weapon against cancer.

As an antioxidant nutrient, selenium prevents the action of free radicals which are believed to be causative agents behind degenerative diseases such as premature ageing, cancer and atherosclerosis.[xiv] Clinical trials have also indicated that selenium can have a role to play in combating oxidative diseases[xv], enhancing the immune response[xvi], increasing male fertility[xvii], improving psychological mood scores[xviii] and reducing the pain and stiffness in arthritis sufferers.[xix]

The implicit importance of selenium to human health is
recognised universally. Selenium is incorporated as
selenocysteine at the active site of a wide range of selenoproteins.

Dr. Emanuel Revici, a Romanian-born physician, scientist, author, and humanitarian[xx] had five major papers on lipids, pain, and cancer deposited by the Pasteur Institute into the eminent National Academy of Sciences during the Second World War. By 1948, Revici had begun exploring the use of selenium in treating cancer and as a means for rendering radiation less harmful. Dr. Revici's use of selenium in the treatment of cancer predates mainstream interest in this mineral by more than twenty years. Selenium is one of the major trace elements always found deficient in cancer-prone populations. Research has shown that it is of value not only in preventing cancer but also in treating it.[xxi]

Revici uses a special molecular form of selenium (bivalent-negative selenium) incorporated in a molecule of fatty acid. In this form, he can administer up to 1 gram of selenium per day, which corresponds to 1 million micrograms per day, reportedly with no toxic side effects. In contrast, too much selenite (hexavalent-positive selenium) has toxic effects on animals, so human intake of commercial selenite is limited to a dosage of only 100 to 150 micrograms by mouth. Dr. Revici often administered his nontoxic form of selenium by injection, usually considered to be four times more powerful than the form given orally.

Dr. Gerhard Schrauzer, professor of biochemistry at the University of California at La Jolla , publicly credited Revici for “having discovered pharmacologically active selenium compounds.” Dr. Gerhard Schrauzer noted almost 30 years ago if every woman in America took 200 micrograms of supplementary selenium daily that breast cancer rates would rapidly decline in the space of a few short years. Dr. Schrauzer is professor emeritus from the University of California , San Diego School of Medicine and has chaired two world conferences on selenium and cancer.

Dr. Richard Donaldson of the St. Louis Veterans' Administration Hospital conducted a clinical trial with terminally ill cancer patients. He found that when he could raise the patients' blood levels of selenium into the normal range, their pain and tumor sizes were often reduced. In a 140 patient study of cancer victims treated with selenium, Dr. Donaldson reported in 1983 that some patients deemed terminal with only weeks to live were completely free of all signs of cancer after four years; all the patients showed a reduction in tumor size and in pain.[xxii]

The amount of selenium needed to obtain normal blood levels varied from person to person. Normal healthy people usually were seen to have normal blood selenium levels on normal diets however it seemed that cancer patients had lower selenium levels on similar diets. (As we will see below this could in great part be due to more intense mercury toxicity in cancer patients.) Apparently they could not get enough without supplements. Dr. Donaldson found that he had to supplement the cancer patients with at least 200 to 600 micrograms of selenium per day and in some cases 2,000 micrograms of selenium per day were required to obtain normal blood selenium levels.

There are now seven population studies in the past six years
that examined the possible connection between selenium and
prostate cancer. All but one of them has found selenium protective.
Karen Collins, R.D.

In one recent study, men with the highest levels of selenium in their blood were about half as likely to develop advanced prostate cancer as the men with the lowest blood selenium. The "Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Project" (NPC) was a controlled, randomized cancer prevention trial in which 1,312 patients received a daily 200 mcg dose of selenium or a placebo for up to 10 years.[xxiii]

A 1996 study by Dr. Larry Clark of the University of Arizona showed just how effective selenium can be in protecting against cancer. In the study of 1,300 older people, the occurrence of cancer among those who took 200 micrograms of selenium daily for about seven years was reduced by 42 percent compared to those given a placebo. Cancer deaths for those taking the selenium were cut almost in half, according to the study that was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association on December 25, 1996. In addition, the people who had taken selenium had 63 percent fewer prostate cancers, 58 percent fewer colorectal cancers, 46 percent fewer lung cancers and overall 37% fewer cancers. Selenium was found to reduce the risk of lung cancer to a greater degree than stopping smoking.[xxiv]

It is noteworthy, that the Food and Drug Administration has determined that there is sufficient evidence to warrant a qualified health claim for Se and cancer. Furthermore, the recent discovery that defects in the SECIS-binding protein 2 (SBP2), which is an indispensable protein for the incorporation of Se into the selenoproteins, result in thyroid dysfunction.[xxv]

Much of what selenium does you can’t feel while it is doing it, but if
you don’t have it, then you will feel it later and you won’t like the
feeling at all – especially if the feeling of dying is not a turn-on to you.
Christopher Barr

Health & Nutrition Historian

One important study found that high blood levels of selenium is associated with a four- to fivefold decrease in the risk of prostate cancer. Scientists at Stanford University studied 52 men who had prostate cancer and compared them to 96 men who didn’t.[xxvi] One surprising finding was that blood levels of selenium generally decreased with age. It is well known that the risk of prostate cancer increases dramatically as one ages.

Selenium - Geography - Cancer

Those who have studied geographical differences have seen that in low-selenium regions, higher death rates occurred from malignant lymphomas and cancers of the tongue, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, kidneys and bladder. Dr. Harold Foster has stated that death rates in the USA for breast, colon, rectal and lung cancer are lower when blood selenium levels are high. Dr. Foster is the one to have reported that cancer patients with low selenium levels tend to have a wider spread of the disease, more recurrences and die sooner.[xxvii] This is critical information that fits rationally into the entire picture of selenium being compiled by medical science and is the principle reason I list selenium as the number four agent in our cancer protocol.

The West African country of Senegal is dominated by high concentrations of selenium in the soil and thus in their foods and as expected we find that Senegalese males had the world's lowest rates for cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung; stomach and colon; the fourth lowest for prostate cancer and sixth lowest for esophageal cancer. Senegalese women had the lowest incidence of cancers of the trachea, bronchus, lung, esophagus, stomach and colon and second lowest for breast cancer and fifth lowest for cancer of the uterus.

In China, where the selenium levels in the soils varies much more dramatically than in the United States and the population is less mobile, an ecological study in 1985 showed dramatic results in linking cancer with selenium deficiencies. Dr. Shu-Yu Yu measured the selenium content of blood stored in blood banks in 30 different regions in China, and classified the regions as high selenium, medium selenium, and low selenium. They then compared death rates from cancer to the selenium rates and found there was an exact correlation. In the low selenium classification, three times as many people died from cancer as in the high selenium classification.

There is no doubt that selenium is essential for human health and that these elements may protect against cancer and other diseases. For this reason people in regions which are naturally rich in selenium tend to live longer. Selenium, especially when used in conjunction with vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene, works to block chemical reactions that create free radicals in the body (which can damage DNA and cause degenerative change in cells, leading to cancer). Selenium also binds strongly with mercury protecting us from its damaging effects.

Selenium and the Rising Tide of Mercury

Tuna is uniformly rich in selenium. Nearly 300 scientific studies

have demonstrated that this essential element protects against

mercury exposure. Any group carping about mercury in fish

without also talking about selenium is hiding half the story.

One of the main sections in Survival Medicine is about mercury and its toxicity. Although the majority of attention has been given to fish in the media as posing the great health threat in regards to mercury toxicity we have to entertain the possibility that because of selenium, which is an antidote for mercury, fish could be not be as much of a problem as dental amalgam, mercury injected via vaccines, or direct absorption through the air, water and other foods which are becoming increasingly contaminated. The way things are now public attention is focused mostly on fish consumption as the main danger from mercury and this is actually a red herring removing us from focusing on the total threat that mercury has become. It moves our attention away from the combined effects from all sources put together.

The first report on the protective effect of selenium against mercury toxicity appeared in 1967. Since then, numerous studies have shown selenium supplementation counteracts the negative impacts of exposure to mercury, particularly in regard to neurotoxicity, fetotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. The ability of selenium compounds to decrease the toxic action of mercury has been established in many species of mammals, birds, and fish. The detoxifying effect of selenium on mercury toxicity is due to a formation of a biologically inactive complex containing the elements in an equimolar ratio. The complex is unable to pass biological barriers, placenta and choroid plexus and is stored in the liver and the spleen, even in the brain in a non toxic form.

It is well recognized that mercury and sulphur bind together to form complexes. This binding property is the basis of chelating therapy used as a treatment in cases of acute and chronic mercury poisoning. The complexes between mercury and selenium are less generally known but of much higher affinity. Physiologically, sulphur is far more abundant than selenium, yet because of selenium’s higher affinity, mercury selectively binds with selenium to form insoluble mercury selenides. This interaction has been assumed to be a ‘protective’ effect whereby supplemental selenium complexes the mercury and prevents negative effects in animals fed otherwise toxic amounts of mercury.

When selenium and mercury are found together, they connect forming a new compound making it difficult for the body to absorb the mercury separately. Scientists have also tagged cysteine in fish binding with mercury also making it safer to eat. When mercury "binds" to selenium or cysteine it is no longer free to "bind" to anything else -- like brain or kidney tissue.

Selenium deficiency results not only in a decrease of
GSHPx activity, but also in a decrease of GSHPx protein.[xxviii]

Dr. Laura Raymond and Dr. Nicholas Ralston of the University of North Dakota tell us that, “Measuring the amount of mercury present in the environment or food sources may provide an inadequate reflection of the potential for health risks if the protective effects of selenium are not also considered. Owing to the extremely high affinity between mercury and selenium, selenium sequesters mercury and reduces its biological availability. It is obvious that the converse is also true; as a result of the high affinity complexes formed, mercury sequesters selenium. This is important because selenium is required for normal activity of numerous selenium dependent enzymes.”[xxix]

Selenium's involvement is apparent throughout the mercury
cycle, influencing its transport, biogeochemical exposure,

bioavailability, toxicological consequences, and remediation.
Dr. Raymond and Dr. Ralston

Glutathione happens to be the most important of these selenium dependent enzymes. Mercury is highly toxic but mercury’s toxic ruin varies greatly with selenium and glutathione levels. These are the key variables that determine the harm done or the power each individual has to escape the poisonous effect of mercury and other dangerous toxins in the environment. Our defensive shields against both acute and chronic exposure to mercury depend very much on selenium and glutathione.

Selenium is useful as a controlling agent for
mercury, which attacks insulin and its binding sites.

Selenium is a hugely important subject for more reasons than easily meets the eye. Mercury binds with selenium reducing its availability for other functions i.e., for glutathione production in the cells. Thus it is not unreasonable reasoning to see a chain of events starting with mercury contamination passing from mother to child in utero (via mercury vaccines for mother and mothers dental amalgams and fish consumption) stripping the yet to be born of selenium. Newborns receiving more contamination through mother’s milk add to the profile of babies having their selenium levels depleted and thus their glutathione levels set too low to resist childhood vaccines containing thimerosal (fifty percent ethyl mercury) and other toxic elements.

The last 25 years the average daily selenium intake has fallen from 60µg/day to 35µg/day.[xxx] The UK government has established a Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) level of selenium at 75µg/day.[xxxi] Therefore a nutritional gap now exists between the actual recommended level of daily selenium and what people are actually achieving through their diets. When we calculate in the Rising Tide of Mercury and the extra demands that makes on our selenium stores/nutritional intake we can now see the disaster that has been in the making for decades.

Studies have implicated reactive oxygen species (ROS)
and depletion of intracellular glutathione as major
contributors to mercury-induced cytotoxicity
Sanfeliu et al., 2001

Selenium is absolutely essential in the age of mercury toxicity for it is the perfect antidote for mercury exposure. It is literally raining mercury all over the world but especially in the northern hemisphere. And of course with the dentists poisoning a world of patients with mercury dental amalgam and the doctors doing the same with their mercury laden vaccines, selenium is more important than most of us imagine.

Selenium offers online in real defense time against mercury. As mercury enters our bodies, if there is sufficient selenium it will mop up the mercury before it can bind to its favorite sulfur sites or pass through the blood brain barrier. Taking more selenium reduces the level of "free" mercury doing damage. Minerals and trace elements, the basic building blocks of our bodies, are just not as readily available in our diet as they once were and in the case of selenium this is compounded by the fact that certain vast areas of the world have low selenium contents in the soil and thus the food.

An excess of a toxic metal and/or a relative deficiency of a nutritional
element can be found as significant contributors to every disease.
Dr. Garry Gordon

General Information on Selenium

High doses of vitamin C (over 1 gram ) may reduce the
absorption of selenium. This mineral is best taken one hour
before or 20 minutes after taking vitamin C supplements.[xxxii]

Selenium deficiency impairs thyroid hormone metabolism by inhibiting the synthesis and activity of the iodothyronine deiodinases, which convert thyroxine (T4) to the more metabolically active 3,3'-5 triiodothyronine (T3). In rats, concurrent selenium and iodine deficiency produces greater increases in thyroid weight and plasma thyrotrophin than iodine deficiency alone, indicating that a concurrent selenium deficiency could be a major determinant of the severity of iodine deficiency.[xxxiii]

Later studies showed that serum T4 was maintained at control levels when both dietary iodine and selenium were low, but not when iodine alone, or selenium alone, was low. Activity of thyroidal GSH-Px (erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase) was lowest in rats fed a diet containing high iodine and low selenium. The results suggested that high iodine intake, when selenium is deficient, may permit thyroid tissue damage as a result of low thyroidal GSH-Px activity during thyroid stimulation. A moderately low selenium intake normalized circulating T4 concentration in the presence of iodine deficiency. [xxxiv]

Adequate selenium nutritional status may help protect against some of the neurological effects of iodine deficiency. Researchers involved in the Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) study in France , which was designed to assess the effect of vitamin and mineral supplements on chronic disease risk, evaluated the relationship between goiter and selenium in a subset of this research population. Their findings suggest that selenium supplements may be protective against goiter.[xxxv] Selenium (Se) in the form of selenocysteine is an essential component of the family of the detoxifying enzymes glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases that catalyze the extrathyroidal production of tri-iodothyronine (T(3)). Thus, Se deficiency may seriously influence the generation of free radicals, the conversion of thyroxine (T(4)) to T(3) and a thyroidal autoimmune process.

Recent studies concluded that a positive effect of Se on thyroidal autoimmune process was shown[xxxvi] and indicated that high serum Se levels (>120 ug/l) may also influence the outcome of GD. ( Graves disease). [xxxvii] A recent study testing the various dosages of selenium confirmed that doses greater than 100mcg of selenium (as L-selenomethionine) were required to maximize glutathione peroxidase activities in autoimmune thyroiditis.[xxxviii]

Selenium is also essential for the production of estrogen sulfotranserfase which is the enzyme which breaks down estrogen. A deficiency of selenium can thus lead to excessive amounts of estrogen, which may depress thyroid function, and also upset the progesterone-estrogen balance. Animal studies have shown that the addition of selenium supplementation will alleviate the effects of excess iodine intake.[xxxix] Iodine and selenium deficiencies must both be resolved for iodine treatment to be effective.

Selenium (Se), one of the essential trace elements,
plays a major part in many metabolic functions.

For magnesium to be retained inside cells you need good antioxidant status. Selenium is the main mineral antioxidant. Foods are unreliable because food content is dependent on soil levels of selenium. Foods rich in selenium include whole grains, organ meats, butter, garlic and onion. Seafoods are rich in selenium and obviously not dependent on soil levels.

Ironically, until approximately 40 years ago, selenium was known only as a poison. It is now known that selenium is essential for the normal function of many of the systems of the body and selenium deficiency can have adverse consequences on these systems. Selenium can act as a growth factor; has powerful antioxidant and anticancer properties; and supports normal thyroid hormone homeostasis, immunity, and fertility.

Two of the 22 primary amino acids are distinguished by their possession of selenium: selenomethionine and selenocysteine. Selenomethionine is biochemically equivalent to methionine and is chiefly regarded as an unregulated storage compartment for selenium. In contrast, selenocysteine is tightly regulated and specifically incorporated into numerous proteins that perform essential biological functions.

Selenium, Chromium and Heart Disease

Dr. Majid Ali and Dr. Omar Ali write, “Deficiency of selenium and chromium are established risk factors of IHD. Selenium-dependent antioxidant systems are important parts of human antioxidant enzyme systems, especially in the regeneration of glutathione and other thiol antioxidants. An association between low serum selenium levels and atherogenesis, lipid peroxidation in vivo, and progression of carotid atherosclerosis has been reported. Salonen et al. observed that selenium deficiency was associated with an excess risk of myocardial infarction as well as morbidity and mortality from other expressions of coronary artery disease and other variants of cardiovascular disease in Eastern Finland . In this study, cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction were associated with low serum selenium levels in a matched-pair longitudinal study. Chromium supplementation in patients with type II diabetes results in improved glucose tolerance, lower total cholesterol and triglycerides levels and higher HDL cholesterol levels.”[xl]

Forms of Selenium

The standard of recommended intake levels of selenium is under debate. The UK reference nutrient intake (RNI) is 75 µg per day for men and 60 µg per day for women. The American recommended dietary allowance (RDA), set at 55 µg per day for both men and women. These numbers should be looked at as the bare minimum and do not take into account the increased need for selenium because of the rising tide of mercury in the environment and thus our bodies. Also dosage would be in part dependent on the type of source of selenium used since absorption rates would vary widely.

Back in 1998 Dr. Stephen B. Strum said, “We recommend selenium supplements be given as an organic, rather than an inorganic form. Organic sources of selenium such as selenomethionine, selenocysteine or mixtures of organic forms found in brewer’s yeast have a better safety profile. Recent research indicates higher doses of selenium can be safely given and may possess additional anticancer activity. We currently use daily selenium doses in the 400-800 mcg range in our patients. Other investigators are studying the effects of selenium at much higher doses (1,000-3,000 mcg/day) for prostate cancer and claim to have had little or no toxicity. Clearly, this area is controversial and requires further study.”[xli]

Getting better forms of selenium because of the difference in absorption and bioavailability in the various forms of selenium is a good idea. The Universtiy University of Miami study utilized selenomethionine which has 3 times the bioavailability of the sodium selenite form that is less expensive and more commonly used. Nutritionist Christopher Barr recommends a 100 per cent Whole Food selenium, which he says he has used for decades, from Innate Response which he says has more than 100 times the bioavailability of selenomethionine.

Selenium in its inorganic form is poorly absorbed by the body. Most of the body’s selenium comes from organic sources, where selenium is bonded with sulphur-containing amino acids, the commonest being L-selenomethionine. Many nutritional supplements contain the poorly absorbed inorganic selenium. Selenium formulations containing L-selenomethionine are good choices but the ideal delivery system is provided by spirulina and perhaps by yeasts and even now by probiotics. (This is an area the IMVA is dedicated to studying.) When spirulina is grown in ponds with selenium added, the spirulina absorbs the inorganic selenium transforming it into organic selenium. The selenium becomes protein bonded to the amino acids in spirulina, which are present in abundance.

Selenium is a vital component of the metallo-protein enzyme glutathione peroxidase. This is a major component in the body’s free radical defence system. Thus the availability of selenium is the limiting factor in the production of glutathione peroxidase.

These past two years I have been recommending a natural chelation formula from Science Formulas called Chelorex in part because it is the only chelation formula with selenium. Dr. Alan Greenberg, the developer of this well tested chelator, put together a comprehensive formula that drives glutathione levels higher and mercury levels down. It contains more than several substances on the top ten list of our cancer protocol starting with magnesium, ALA , selenium, and Vitamin C.

Dr. Richard A. Passwater

The following information is provided by Dr. Richard A. Passwater, who has been researching antioxidant nutrients since 1959 and he is the scientist who discovered biological antioxidant synergism in 1962. In 1970, at Toronto , he presented his evidence to the Gerontological Society’s Annual Scientific Congress that antioxidant nutrients offered a practical means of increasing human lifespan. He was the first to show that practical combinations of antioxidant nutrients increase the lifespan of laboratory animals (Chemical & Engineering News 1970).

For this information please go directly to: http://www.healthy.net/scr/Article.asp?Id=577

[i] Hawkes WC, Kelley DS, Taylor PC. "The effects of dietary selenium on the immune system in healthy men." Biol Trace Elem Res. 81, 3:189-213, 2001. www.humanapress.com

[ii] Foster HD. "Landscapes of Longevity: The Calcium-Selenium-Mercury Connection in Cancer and Heart Disease," Medical Hypothesis, Vol. 48, pp 361-366, 1997.

[iii] Turner, R. J. & Finch, J. M. (1991) Selenium and the immune response. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 50: 275–285.[Medline]

[iv] Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L. & Roy, M. (1998) Selenium and immune function. Z. Ernahrungswiss. 37: 50–56.

[v] McKenzie, R. C., Rafferty, T. S., Arthur, J. R. & Beckett, G. J. (2001) Effects of selenium on immunity and ageing. In: Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health (Hatfield, D. L., ed.), pp. 258–272. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston , MA .

[vi] McKenzie, R. C., Arthur, J. R., Miller, S. M., Rafferty, T. S. & Beckett, G. J. (2002) Selenium and the immune system. In: Nutrition and Immune Function (Calder, P. C., Field, C. J. & Gill, N. S., eds.), pp. 229–250. CAB International, Oxford , U.K

[vii] Beckett, G. J., Arthur, J. R., Miller, S. M. & McKenzie, R. C. (2003) Selenium, immunity and disease. In: Dietary Enhancement of Human Immune Function (Hughes D. A., Bendich, A. & Darlington, G., eds.). Humana Press, Totowa , NJ (in press).

[viii] Supplement: 11th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals;Selenium in the Immune System John R. Arthur; The American Society for Nutritional Sciences J. Nutr. 133:1457S-1459S, May 2003; http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/5/1457SOver

[ix] Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W. "The relevance of selenium to immunity, cancer and infectious/inflammatory diseases." Can J Diet Pract Res. 66, 2:98-102, 2005.

[x] Nelson HK et al. "Host nutritional selenium status as a driving force for influenza virus mutations." FASEB. 15:1846-8, 2001. www.fasebj.org

[xi] Berg BM et al. "alpha-Tocopherol and selenium facilitate recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness in aged mice." J Nutr. 135, 5:1157-63, 2005. www.nutrition.org.

[xii] Smith A et al. "Deficiencies in selenium and/or vitamin E lower the resistance of mice to Heligmosomoides polygyrus infections." J Nutr. 135, 4:830-6, 2005. www.nutrition.org

[xiii]Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Hurwitz BE et al; Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jan 22;167(2):148-54; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

[xiv] Packer, L. in Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants and Ageing. Birkhauser, Basal, 1995

[xv] McCloy R. Digestion 1998 (59, suppl. 4) 36-48

[xvi] Kiremidjian-Schumacher. L. et al. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1994 (41) 114-127

[xvii] Scott, R and MacPherson A. Br. J. Urol. 1 998 (82) 76-80

[xviii] Finley, J.W. and Penland J.G. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 1998 (11) 11-27

[xix] Pertez, A. et al. Br. J. Rheumatol. 1992 (31) 28 1-286

[xx] http://www.tldp.com/issue/177/ReviciMemoriam.html

[xxi] http://www.healthy.net/scr/Article.asp?Id=2013&xcntr=1

[xxii] Richard A. Passwater, Cancer and Its Nutritional Therapies (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1983), p. 149.

[xxiii] http://www.prostate-cancer.org/education/nutrprod/selenium.html

[xxiv] Clark LC. The epidemiology of selenium and cancer. Fed Proc 1985; 44:2584-2590.

[xxv] The role of selenium in thyroid autoimmunity and cancer.Duntas LH.Thyroid. 2006 May;16(5):455-60

[xxvi] The Journal of Urology {2001;166:2034-8}. December issue.

[xxvii] Foster HD. "Landscapes of Longevity: The Calcium-Selenium-Mercury Connection in Cancer and Heart Disease," Medical Hypothesis, Vol. 48, pp 361-366, 1997.

[xxviii] Takahashi K, Newburger PE , Cohen HJ. Glutathione peroxidase protein. Absence in selenium deficiency states and correlation with enzymatic activity. J Clin Invest. 1986 Apr;77(4):1402-4.

[xxix] Raymond, Laura J. Ralston, Nicholas VC. University of North Dakota , SMDJ Seychelles Medical and Dental Journal, Special Issue, Vol 7, No 1, November 2004

[xxx] Food Surveillance Sheet, No 126. London : Joint Food Safety & Standards Group, UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF), October 1997

[xxxi] McPherson, A. et al. NRC Research Press 1997: 203-205

[xxxii] Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 May;49(5): 862-9

[xxxiii] The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism and effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid hormone and iodine metabolism; Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Apr-Jun;33:37-42

[xxxiv] Dietary Iodine and Selenium Interact To Affect Thyroid Hormone Metabolism of Rats; The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 127 No. 6 June 1997, pp. 1214-1218

[xxxv] Selenium Fact Sheet: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium.asp#h5

[xxxvi] L-selenomethionine substitution suppresses serum concentrations of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) in patients with AIT, but suppression requires doses higher than 100 microg/day which is sufficient to maximize glutathione peroxidase activities.

[xxxvii] Serum Selenium levels in patients with remission and relapse of Graves Disease; Wertenbruch T, et al; Med Chem. 2007 May;3(3):281-4.

[xxxviii] Selenium treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable doses. J Endocrinol. 2006 Jul;190(1):151-6. Entrez PubMed

[xxxix] Selenium supplement alleviated the toxic effects of excessive iodine in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Summer;111(1-3):229-38

[xl] Ali M, Ali O. AA Oxidopathy: the core pathogenetic mechanism of ischemic heart disease. J Integrative Medicine 1997;1:1-112. From the Departments of Medicine, Capital University of Integrative Medicine, Washington, D.C., and Institute of Preventive Medicine, New York (MA and OA), and Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York (MA).

[xli] Steven Strum the MD author is with the Prostate Cancer Research Institute. http://www.prostate-cancer.org/education/nutrprod/selenium.html